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Therefore, the generic limits of Sorghum have long been a controversial issue that needs to be tested using highly informative molecular markers.įive morphological subgenera are recognized in Sorghum: Sorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum, Chaetosorghum, and Heterosorghum. Within Andropogoneae, Sorghastrum Nash has sometimes been considered as a subgenus in Sorghum due to its somatic chromosome number of 40, or a distinct genus whose pedicelled spikelets are reduced to vestigial pedicels. The ambiguous relationship between Sorghum and Cleistachne is reflected by the absence of pedicelled spikelets and the unverified hypothesis for the allotetraploid origin of Cleistachne sorghoides Benth. Previous studies of the genus using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences indicated that Cleistachne was sister to or part of an unresolved polytomy within Sorghum –. These two genera were assigned to Sorghinae Clayton & Renvoize, one of the 11 subtribes of the tribe Andropogoneae Dumort. The genus has panicles bearing short and dense racemes of paired spikelets (one sessile, the other pedicelled), whose sessile spikelets resemble the single sessile spikelets of Cleistachne Benth. Sorghum Moench comprises 31 species exhibiting considerable morphological and ecological diversity – in global tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭultivated sorghum ranks fifth in both production and planted area of cereal crops worldwide, only behind wheat, rice, maize, and barley. The data may be accessed on the Treebase website using the identifier S15625.įunding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270275, 31310103023), the Special Basic Research Foundation of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2013FY112100), the Key Project of Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, CAS (201212ZS), the 42nd Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (2011-1139), and the Laboratories of Analytical Biology of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The Pepc4, GBSSI, and combined plastid matrices were submitted to TreeBASE (, study no. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Received: ApAccepted: JPublished: August 14, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Liu et al. PLoS ONE 9(8):Įditor: Manoj Prasad, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, India Sorghum with nine species and we also provide a new nomenclatural combination, Sorghum sorghoides.Ĭitation: Liu Q, Liu H, Wen J, Peterson PM (2014) Infrageneric Phylogeny and Temporal Divergence of Sorghum (Andropogoneae, Poaceae) Based on Low-Copy Nuclear and Plastid Sequences. Chaetosorghum with two sections, each with a single species, subg. Molecular results support the recognition of three distinct subgenera in Sorghum: subg. Sorghum are estimated to be 12.7 million years ago (Mya) and 8.6 Mya, respectively.
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The crown ages of Sorghum plus Cleistachne sorghoides and subg. Multiple LCN and plastid allelic variants have been identified in S. x almum in the Pepc4, GBSSI, and plastid phylograms, suggesting that they may be potential genome donors to S. Two LCN homoeologous loci of Cleistachne sorghoides were first discovered in the same accession. Parasorghum and Stiposorghum lineage and the subg. Sorghum was divided into three clades in the Pepc4, GBSSI, and plastid phylograms: the subg. The monophyly of Sorghum plus Cleistachne sorghoides (with the latter nested within Sorghum) was strongly supported by the Pepc4 data using BI analysis, and the monophyly of Sorghum was strongly supported by GBSSI data using both ML and BI analyses. Bayesian dating based on three plastid DNA markers ( ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL, and rps16 intron) was used to estimate the ages of major diversification events in Sorghum. Sequence data of two low-copy nuclear (LCN) genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 4 ( Pepc4) and granule-bound starch synthase I ( GBSSI), from 79 accessions of Sorghum plus Cleistachne sorghoides together with those from outgroups were used for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses.
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The infrageneric phylogeny and temporal divergence of Sorghum were explored in the present study.